Python结合OpenCV实现打开海康机器人黑白相机

要用OpenCV调取海康相机，第一步是把MvImport文件夹里的所有文件复制到你的工作目录下。这一步看似简单，但漏掉某个文件后面会报找不到模块，所以最好整体拷贝别偷懒。

整理后的项目目录结构大致如下：

依赖方面，需要安装的基础库并不多，一个numpy做数值计算，一个opencv-python处理图像，版本上满足最低要求就行：

# 基础科学计算库
numpy>=1.24.0
# 计算机视觉
opencv-python>=4.8.0

核心代码来了，关键逻辑都写在注释里。代码里区分了黑白和彩色相机，通过CameraNumber这个变量控制（黑白用1，彩色用3）。曝光时间也可以按需调整，默认设了15000微秒。当然，如果你用的是彩色相机，记得把CameraNumber改成3，并且注释里对应的像素格式也要切换一下。

import cv2
import numpy as np
from MvCameraControl_class import *
from CameraParams_header import *
# CameraNumber = 1为黑白相机，CameraNumber = 3为彩色相机
CameraNumber = 1
#-------------------opencv操作部分--------------------------------------
def opencv_action(img):
    result_img = img
    return result_img
#-----------------------海康相机设置部分---------------------------------------
ret = MvCamera.MV_CC_Initialize()
if ret != 0:
    print(f"初始化SDK失败，错误码: {ret}")
    exit()
# 枚举设备
deviceList = MV_CC_DEVICE_INFO_LIST()
n_layer_type = MV_GIGE_DEVICE | MV_USB_DEVICE | MV_GENTL_CAMERALINK_DEVICE
ret = MvCamera.MV_CC_EnumDevices(n_layer_type, deviceList)
if ret != 0:
    print("枚举设备失败")
    exit()
print(f"找到 {deviceList.nDeviceNum} 台设备")
if deviceList.nDeviceNum == 0:
    exit()
stDeviceList = cast(deviceList.pDeviceInfo[0], POINTER(MV_CC_DEVICE_INFO)).contents
camera = MvCamera()
ret = camera.MV_CC_CreateHandle(stDeviceList)
# 打开设备（使用已创建的句柄）
ret = camera.MV_CC_OpenDevice()
if ret != 0:
    print(f"打开设备失败，错误码: {ret}")
    exit()
# 获取相机参数
width = c_uint()
height = c_uint()
pixel_format = c_uint()
payload_size = c_uint()
stParam = MVCC_INTVALUE()
ret = camera.MV_CC_GetIntValue("PayloadSize", stParam)
if ret != 0:
    print(f"获取PayloadSize失败，错误码: {ret}")
    exit()
payload_size.value = stParam.nCurValue
# 获取宽度
ret = camera.MV_CC_GetIntValue("Width", stParam)
if ret != 0:
    print(f"获取宽度失败，错误码: {ret}")
    exit()
width.value = stParam.nCurValue
# 获取高度
ret = camera.MV_CC_GetIntValue("Height", stParam)
if ret != 0:
    print(f"获取高度失败，错误码: {ret}")
    exit()
height.value = stParam.nCurValue
print(width.value,height.value)
pixel_format.value = 17301505  # RGB8
# 或
#pixel_format.value = 17301514  # Mono8
#曝光时间
exposure_time = 15000  # 单位：微秒
ret = camera.MV_CC_SetFloatValue("ExposureTime", exposure_time)
# 开始抓图
ret = camera.MV_CC_StartGrabbing()
if ret != 0:
    print(f"开始抓图失败，错误码: {ret}")
    exit()
# 分配缓冲区
data_buf = (c_ubyte * payload_size.value)()
data_size = c_uint(payload_size.value)
stFrameInfo = MV_FRAME_OUT_INFO_EX()
#-----------------------------------------------运行部分---------------------------
# 创建OpenCV窗口
cv2.namedWindow("Camera", cv2.WINDOW_NORMAL)
try:
    while True:
        data_buf = (c_ubyte * payload_size.value)()
        ret = camera.MV_CC_GetOneFrameTimeout(
            byref(data_buf),
            payload_size.value,
            stFrameInfo,
            1000
        )
        if ret == 0:
            #print(f"获取到帧: 宽度={stFrameInfo.nWidth}, 高度={stFrameInfo.nHeight}, "f"像素格式={stFrameInfo.enPixelType}, 帧大小={stFrameInfo.nFrameLen}")
            frame = np.frombuffer(data_buf, dtype=np.uint8)
            actual_width = stFrameInfo.nWidth
            actual_height = stFrameInfo.nHeight
            # 黑白相机
            if stFrameInfo.enPixelType == 17301505:  # RGB8
                expected_size = actual_width * actual_height * CameraNumber
                if len(frame) != expected_size:
                    print(f"数据大小不匹配: 期望 {expected_size}, 实际 {len(frame)}")
                    continue
                frame = frame.reshape((actual_height, actual_width, CameraNumber))
                frame = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
            elif stFrameInfo.enPixelType == 17301514:  # Mono8
                expected_size = actual_width * actual_height
                if len(frame) != expected_size:
                    print(f"数据大小不匹配: 期望 {expected_size}, 实际 {len(frame)}")
                    continue
                frame = frame.reshape((actual_height, actual_width))
            elif stFrameInfo.enPixelType == 17301513:  # 可能是 Bayer 格式
                expected_size = actual_width * actual_height
                if len(frame) != expected_size:
                    print(f"数据大小不匹配: 期望 {expected_size}, 实际 {len(frame)}")
                    continue
                frame = frame.reshape((actual_height, actual_width))
                frame = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BayerGB2BGR)
                frame = opencv_action(frame)
            else:
                print(f"不支持的像素格式: {stFrameInfo.enPixelType}")
                break
            cv2.imshow("Camera", frame)
            if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord("q"):
                break
        else:
            print(f"获取图像失败，错误码: {ret}")
            break
finally:
    # 停止抓图
    camera.MV_CC_StopGrabbing()
    # 关闭设备
    camera.MV_CC_CloseDevice()
    # 销毁句柄
    camera.MV_CC_DestroyHandle()
    # 销毁窗口
    cv2.destroyAllWindows()

代码运行成功后，就能看到相机的实时画面了。按q键退出窗口，资源也会自动释放。